Mercedes launched the driver's airbag and seatbelt tensioner 40 years ago

The innovation made its preview in December 1980, the driver's airbag and seat belt tensioner were in those days the latest, cutting-edge innovations in safety from Mercedes-Benz. 40 years ago, back in 1980, a limited number of the W126 S-Class Sedans were the first cars to be delivered with this new technology and were another milestone for passive vehicle safety in a long line of outstanding innovations from the brand.

The airbag was a joint development between the then Daimler-Benz AG and Bosch. More than 100 S-Class vehicles fitted with the new safety systems rolled off the assembly line in January and February 1981. This ushered in the triumph of a restraint system which was quickly adopted by many automotive manufacturers across the world.

The restraint system celebrated its world premiere at the Amsterdam International Motor Show in February 1981. Just one month later, Mercedes-Benz presented the driver's airbag and seat belt tensioner to the public at the Geneva Motor Show. The combination of both systems was initially only available for the S-Class and SEC Coupes as an optional extra.

The airbag and seat belt tensioner were soon available in 1982 as optional extras for all Mercedes-Benz passenger cars. By 1992, the driver's airbag was standard equipment in all of the brand's models, followed by a front passenger airbag as a standard safety feature in 1994.

Numerous other airbags followed suit in subsequent years and these protective inflating cushions, fitted at various positions in the vehicle, have long since been an inherent part of the integral safety concept of Mercedes-Benz.

Four decades ago, Mercedes-Benz had another innovation up its sleeve with the seat belt. At the end of the 1980s, the brand launched the driver's airbag together with the restraint system for the front passenger, at the time known as the 'belt tightener.'

But by 1984, the seat belt tensioner, as this safety feature is now more commonly known, had already become standard equipment for the front seats of all Mercedes-Benz passenger cars. The seat belt tensioner reacts to the same sensor signal as the driver's airbag, which is also triggered by controlled pyrotechnics: a propellant charge is fired to tighten the seat's three-point seat belt within milliseconds.

Development continued over the years. From 1995, seat belt tensioners were combined with belt force limiters. In 2002, engineers added an electronic seat belt tensioner to the pyrotechnical belt tensioner with the introduction of the preventive occupant protection system. In contrast to the pyrotechnical seat belt tensioner, the electronic system is reversible, allowing the seat belt to be loosened again if no collision occurs.

The basic idea for the airbag was attributed, amongst others, to the hobby inventor, Walter Linderer. In the 1950s, he had designed what he described as an 'inflatable container in a folded state, which automatically inflates in the event of danger.'

On October 6, 1951, the Munich-born inventor filed for a patent for his 'device to protect persons in vehicles against injury in the event of collisions' from the German Patent Office. Although in his application Linderer precisely described the principle of an airbag, the technical requirements for the sensors as well as those for rapid gas generation simply did not exist in those days.

Conventional compressed air was not suitable for generating pressure because it took far too long to inflate the airbag. The elastic and extremely tear-resistant material required to make the airbag was also not available at the time. This remained the case for some years.

Mercedes-Benz returned to the idea of the airbag in 1966 and started the initial trials for effective gas generation in 1967. The patent for an 'impact protection device for vehicle occupants' was filed by the then Daimler-Benz AG in October 1971.

After approximately 250 crash tests, more than 2,500 sled tests and thousands of trials on individual components, the Mercedes-Benz safety engineers managed to bring the technology to series production maturity over the next fifteen years.

'SRS airbag' was the abbreviation initially to be seen on the steering wheels of Mercedes-Benz models equipped with this technology. SRS stands for 'supplemental restraint system' because it supplements the seat belt, which is the primary restraint system.

The impact absorbers in these steering wheels were voluminous in size because they had to accommodate a large fabric cover. When inflated, the first driver's airbags had a volume of between 60 to 70 litres. The same is true for the development of the front passenger airbag. When it was presented at the International Motor Show in Frankfurt/Main in 1987, it occupied the entire glove box.

As airbag components became increasingly smaller over the years without compromising safety, it was possible to incorporate the airbag in other places inside the vehicle, apart from in the steering wheel or glove box. This was what developers were striving for, because although the first airbags could minimize the impact of a head-on collision, there were many other potential accident scenarios.

In 1995, the sidebag was launched in the 210 model series E-Class, the window airbag was added to the extensive protection system in 1998 with the head/thorax sidebag to follow in 2001, the knee airbag in 2009 and the thorax/pelvis sidebag, the cushionbag and the very compact inflatable belt airbag in 2013.

The 223 model series S-Class, which debuted in 2020, includes additional new airbags such as the rear airbags, which celebrated their world premiere this year. 40 years after the launch of the first ever driver's airbag, this new rear airbag uses a radically new inflation concept with a tubular structure, designed to deploy frontal airbags for both outer rear seats for the very first time.